考察近年日本城市总体规划与生活圈概念的结合
On the Combination of Japanese Urban Master Plan and "Life Circle" Concept in Recent Years
作者信息：
沈振江 福州大学建筑学院—金泽大学国际联合实验室主任
林心怡 上海同济城市规划设计研究院规划五所主创规划师
马 妍 福州大学建筑学院副教授，SPSD 指导委员会秘书
摘 要：近半个世纪以来，由于生活观念的变化，日本出现了持续的少子化、老龄化现象，城市设施的利用率降低并逐渐老朽，城市中心城区衰退、人口流失，生活圈氛围不足。与此同时，城市形态缺少有效的规划引导、城市规模无序扩张等问题都反映出现行城市规划与管理体系的局限性。
为了提高生活圈的服务效率，提升城市活力，日本经过近二十年的探索与实践，颁布了一系列相关规划制度和政策，以提升生活圈内资源的利用效率，促进城市之间可持续的协同发展。2014 年，在“紧缩城市”的发展理念下，国土交通省（负责城市规划的主管部门）颁布了《立地适正计划》，该规划制度是日本“都市计划”（以下译为“城市规划”）的辅助版，也是统筹城市规划与各行业部门规划的桥梁，涉及到经济产业、道路交通、生态环境保护等诸多行业及部门。《立地适正计划》通过更为综合的规划管控方式，在调动城市各类服务职能的同时，使城市空间发展成为更集约、更高效、更具活力的形态。
关键词：老龄化，城市结构，城市边界管理，生活圈，城市规划，城市服务设施，紧缩城市
Abstract ：For nearly half a century, Japan has experienced a continuous phenomenon of childlessness and aging due to the change of life concept. The utilization rate of urban facilities has decreased and gradually deteriorated. The downtown area of the city has declined and the population has lost, which lead to the atmosphere in the living circle is insufficient. At the same time, the lack of effective planning guidance in urban form and the disorderly expansion of urban scale all reflect the limitations of the existing urban planning and management system. In order to improve the service efficiency of the life circle and enhance the vitality of the city, Japan has experienced nearly 20 years of exploration and a series of relevant planning systems and policies for improving the efficiency of resource utilization in the life circle and promoting sustainable coordinated development between cities have been promulgated. In 2014, under the concept of "tightening the city", the Ministry of Land and Transportation ( the competent department in charge of urban planning ) issued "Site Adjustment Plan", which is an auxiliary version of Japan's "urban plan" ( hereinafter referred to as "urban planning" ) and a bridge between urban planning and the planning of various industry departments, involving many industries and departments such as economic industry, road traffic, and ecological environment protection. The plan, through a more comprehensive planning control method, not only mobilizes various service functions in the city, but also makes urban space develop into a more intensive, efficient and dynamic form. Through introducing the background, object and content of this urban planning, this paper combs out the control system of Japanese urban planning, and explains how Japanese urban spatial boundary management and urban function adjustment are combined with the concept of living circle through specific cases.
Keywords：aging, urban structure, urban boundaries management, life circle, urban planning, urban services facilities, tightening the city
文章来源：《城乡规划》2018 NO.6
