“反公地悲剧”下电梯加装的集体行动何以可能？
How Is the Collective Action of Elevator Installation Possible under the Tragedy of Anti Commons?
作者信息
张雪 重庆大学建筑城规学院硕士研究生
彭坤焘 重庆大学建筑城规学院副教授，山地城镇建设与新技术教育部重点实验室
摘要 新时期城市更新中，电梯加装作为一项“俱乐部产品”①供给，存在利益分配失衡、潜在安全风险、降低生活环境品质等潜在负外部性问题，已成为住宅适老化改造的难点。由于集体选择规则失灵，电梯加装经常陷入集体行动困境，出现“反公地悲剧”。为此，需要政府进行有效干预，在不减损社区自治能力的基础上，合理确定制度设计。从影响电梯加装成功率的制度因素来看，主要包括产权界定、社会资本和制度环境三个方面，而土地使用权公有、社会资本高、政策合理引导是最优组合。为了提升电梯加装的成功率，有必要探索各类型促进合作的助推举措，创新集体选择的投票机制，并优化制度环境，为电梯加装的自组织供给模式提供克服集体行动困境的可行路径。
关键词 集体行动；反公地悲剧；电梯加装；制度设计
Abstract In the new era of urban renewal, elevator installation, as a club product supply, has potential negative externalities, such as imbalance of interest distribution, potential safety risks, reducing the quality of living environment and so on, which has become the difficulty of residential aging transformation. Due to the failure of collective choice rules, elevator installation often falls into the dilemma of collective action, resulting in the tragedy of anti Commons. Therefore, the elevator installation needs the effective intervention of the government, and the system design should be reasonably determined on the basis of not reducing the ability of community autonomy. From the perspective of institutional factors affecting the success rate of elevator installation, including property rights definition, social capital and institutional environment, the public ownership of land use right, high social capital and reasonable policy guidance are the optimal combination. In order to improve the success rate, it is necessary to explore various feasible boosting measures to promote cooperation, innovate the collective choice voting mechanism, and optimize the institutional environment, so as to provide a feasible path to overcome the dilemma of collective action for the self-organization supply mode of elevator installation.
Keywords collective action; the tragedy of anti-commons; elevator installation; system design
来源：《城乡规划》2021 NO.5
